Introduction
Geography is one of the sciences most related to human life, as it needs natural, human, spatial and temporal geographical information, which relates to providing all the requirements of daily and continuous life to sustain life, and geography was distinguished from other sciences by dealing with those elements combined, so man was interested in geographical information from the beginning of his existence on the earth, to exploit Muslim scholars have an active contribution to geography, especially after the spread of Dawa At a time when medieval Europe, which is called The Dark Ages, was in a great backwardness while the scientific movement flourished in Islamic countries, geographical disciplines varied and their relationship with other Sciences expanded, and the overlap was great with some other sciences so that some people thought that geography was alien to those sciences, because there was no clear definition of geography, and everything that was said about it was superficial and did not give a true perception of it, and therefore the definition of geography was addressed in this research as a comprehensive and useful science, including a large amount of descriptive and quantitative natural and Human information, emphasis was placed on the basic information that Mahia Avia explains how it has developed and its importance in human life The importance of research lies in explaining the meaning of Avia and reviewing its elements, development and importance in human life. The aim of the research is that the definition of geography was not clear in many geographical literature and research, so many specialists could not define their geographical identity, so this aspect was focused on in an easy to understand and clear way. Research hypotheses, is geography an independent science with clear boundaries relative to other sciences Is geography in isolation from other sciences or intertwined with them Has geography undergone continuous development or has it remained a traditional descriptive science Has geography absorbed technological and electronic developments Is geographical information used in different spheres of life. Research plan, the research will address eight topics that covered all aspects that need to be addressed as the scope of the research allows
The first topic is the definition of geography
Definition of geography scientifically
there are several definitions of geography, includin
It is a science that studies the earth, natural and human phenomena on it. 2 The Science of geography is concerned with the study of the relationship between man and his natural environment, that is, the Earth. 3) the science of studying the natural characteristics of the Earth, its atmospheric difference, human activity that affects the environment, the distribution of Population, Resources, political and economic activities 2) that most of the definitions circulating in geographical books did not express the fact of geography fully, so their specificity was followed by the ambiguity of other sciences, and they distinguish them from many other characteristics, so the researcher developed a comprehensive definition of geography and the results of those interactions. When analyzing this definition, it turns out that it includes all the basic aspects of geography, as follows: the first part of the definition is the study of the Earth’s surface in terms of shape and composition, and represents the natural aspect in geography.the types of manifestations of the Earth’s surface, their composition and distribution are studied. natural surface manifestations are the product of the interaction of the lithosphere with other immortals, esoteric processes and human action. diagram No. 1. factors that contribute to the formation of manifestations of the Earth’s surface.
The second topic is
the elements of geography and their relationship to other sciences
First, the elements of geography are unique and geography is distinguished from other sciences by studying the following elements
The Earth and man – what is the Earth in appearance and essence, what is man and how he lived
The place and time where the phenomenon exists, and when it exists
Description and quantity, what kind of phenomenon, and what its dimensions are
Originality and modernization how the phenomena were in the past, and how they have become in the present
Diagnosis and treatment what is the problem and what is the solution
Induction and prediction – What is reality and what will happen
Dynamism and sophistication – what style and what technique
References and field, what is the source of information, is it available from references, or is it a field study
Independence and overlap what does geography include, and what is the relationship with other sciences
The fifth topic is
The development of geography
The interest in geographical information dates back to very ancient times, as references to it were found in the “Iliad and Odyssey written by the famous Greek poet is Meros, in the ninth century BC, as he described the nature of the Greek country that experienced the splendor, the conditions of its inhabitants and the life systems in it, as well as the story of the Arab Knights, in which it has expanded and developed to the extent that the civilizations of the eastern basin have developed Isolation and extremism were the main reasons for the underdevelopment of those civilizations from their counterparts in the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia, those civilizations that benefited from the mediation of their geographical location in the world, prospered through trade contact and cultural friction with their surroundings. There is a difference between geographical information and the science of geography, geographical information has been known since the beginning of human life, since man needed to get to know his environment. The science of geography is concerned with the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of geographical information according to a specific scientific methodology.many centuries have passed before reaching this level of scientific knowledge, and it was natural that this began in the country of the Greeks, who are credited with naming this science, and in establishing its bases and foundations, and they formulated many hypotheses and theories about the universe and its origin, the Earth, its surface, dimensions and movements, and its natural and human manifestations. The history of modern geography in the XVII century had an ambiguous beginning, and the book of the Persian Kamius can be considered the one that. Published in the middle of the XVII century under the title general raffia is a bright sign in the history of European geographical thought. As some geographers consider him the founder of the geographical right, the study of natural and human phenomena in general has been called the general geographical and regional study of parts. Large geographical disclosures helped the progress of geographical studies, which began from the middle of the fifteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century, and the effort of those interested in geography during that period was to correct their information about the Earth’s surface, so that it becomes complete and identical to the latest explorers of that time, however, the importance of those centuries in the history of geography, in which facts and information about the Earth’s surface were collected, as they were the necessary basis for the advancement of geography, which was the reason for the emergence of modern geography, which was based on correct information about the Earth, its nature, its population and its
flora and her animal…. In general, the stages of the development of modern geography can be identified as follows
First – The Pre-Classical period of 1750 – 1800
Second -The Classical period from 1800 to 1859
Third – the post-classical period from 1859 1904
The contemporary period from 1904 to 1980
The period of globalization from 1980 to the present
The Pre-Classical period: this period is important as the nucleus of all contemporary ideas and schools, before this period geography was utilitarian, that is, it was a means rather than an end, it was like the Cinderella of history, that is, it served him by presenting and interpreting by describing or indicating the geographical characteristics of the sites of historical events, and it was also useful in matters of governance and administration . And finally as a mental culture.
The importance of geography at the beginning of Islam
Firstly, the reasons for Muslims ‘ interest in geography the science of geography was of great importance to Muslims, and it was not born by chance, but there were several reasons that contributed to its emergence and development, including the following
The spread of Islam, the geographical thought of Muslims was associated with the spread of Islam in various parts of the ancient world, especially in its three continents of Asia, Africa and Europe, as there is a difference in the characteristics of the environments in which the Islamic religion prevailed, which showed an urgent need to identify the characteristics of those environments
Think about the verses of the Qur’an, as many natural and human phenomena of a geographical nature are mentioned in the verses, including the saying of the Almighty in the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the most merciful (and the Earth we have extended and we have placed our roots in it and we have grown in it from everything that is balanced, and say it. We have made many verses in the field of land, climate, Sky, cities, villages, seas, rivers, valleys, human life, and others, and Muslim geography pioneers have managed these stimulating texts to consider the greatness of the creator in the creation of the Earth and its components, which has had a great impact in enriching geographical studies since the beginning of Islam
Therefore, there was a need for the scholars of each Islamic State to be interested in clarifying these matters to the general public, prayer is held at specific times of time, and therefore Muslim scholars in each Islamic State set time limits for the establishment of prayer, and the tools by which prayer dates are measured are still found in some ancient mosques, and they are called it has a specific destination, which is the Kaaba in Mecca, so it is necessary to know the directions Geography determines the prayer kiss in each city or village. The case did not differ much in fasting, the performance of which was limited to monthly limits and daily limits, as well as Hajj and Umrah were associated with spatial times for Ihram, which are different in their dimensions from Mecca depending on the destinations from which Muslims come to perform Hajj, and it was necessary to know those places from which pilgrims and Umrah are on the ninth of the month of Dhu’l-Hijjah, whoever misses standing up with knowledge as it is known, he has missed Hajj, and so on
After the opening of the Islamic country, there became an urgent need to learn the canons of religion, as a number of followers traveled to the open country to teach its children about religion
and call for it, and at the same time, members of the population of that country sought knowledge from the sources where Islam appeared, whether in Mecca or Medina, because the two cities have by the geographical location of the message habitat, urban geographical studies have proved For the Arab East region, its geographical location has been and continues to be average in regional and global relations, so it has contributed to the role of commercial mediation on the one hand and the role of advocacy and communication on the other
Written by Ayoub Boumaza
boumazaayoub@yahoo.com
